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This study investigated an engineered\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    WB800_KR32 strain expressing antimicrobial peptide KR32 (yielding 2.24\u2009\u03bcg\/mL with peak activity at 33\u2009h fermentation) for its preventive efficacy against ETEC K88\u2010induced diarrhea in a piglet model. Oral administration of WB800_KR32 could significantly improve intestinal morphology and barrier function, particularly in the ileum, reduce\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    relative abundance, and enhance repair and metabolism\u2010related pathways while increasing serum antioxidants such as glutathione. Mechanistically, WB800_KR32 significantly decreased novel\u2010ssc\u2010miR\u20101250\u20105p expression and its predicted target, nuclear factor kappa\u2010B (NF\u03baB) p65 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In vitro, 40% fermented WB800_KR32 supernatant reduced novel\u2010ssc\u2010miR\u20101250\u20105p expression, improved tight junction function, decreased inflammatory response, and reduced NF\u03baB p65 phosphorylation in ETEC K88\u2010infected IPEC\u2010J2 cells (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These findings suggested that engineered\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    WB800_KR32 provides a dual\u2010action therapeutic platform combining targeted antimicrobial delivery with host immunomodulation, offering a promising translational strategy for preventing ETEC K88\u2010induced diarrhea in humans and livestock.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imo2.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:00:49Z","timestamp":1778562049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Engineered\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    regulates intestinal barrier in ETEC K88\u2010infected piglets and modulates miR\u20101250\u20105p\/NF\u03baB pathway in IPEC\u2010J2"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1003-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Breeding for High\u2010Quality Animal Products; Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding; 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