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Against this broad backdrop, bile acids (BAs), as central products of host\u2010microbiota co\u2010metabolism, act far beyond their classical role in lipid emulsification. This review systematically summarizes BA biosynthesis, enterohepatic circulation, and gut microbiota\u2010mediated metabolic modification. We highlight how gut microbiota\u2010derived secondary BAs and farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein\u2010coupled receptor 5\u2010mediated BA signaling together shape BA homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune homeostasis. We further discuss how population diversity, circadian rhythm, diet, behavior, environmental exposure, and surgical interventions dynamically shape systemic BA profiles. Finally, from a One Health perspective, we highlight the translational potential of BA\u2010targeted strategies in hepatobiliary diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative and retinal degenerative diseases, and intestinal infections, as well as their value in animal production as non\u2010antibiotic nutritional regulators. By improving animal health and reducing excessive drug use, residues, and risks of antimicrobial resistance at the source, BA\u2010based precision nutrition may contribute to food safety and ecosystem health. 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