{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:54:10Z","timestamp":1790996050123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41907211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iMeta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Once thought to be sterile, the human lung is now well recognized to harbor a consortium of microorganisms collectively known as the lung microbiome. The lung microbiome is altered in an array of lung diseases, including chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and bronchiectasis, acute lung diseases caused by pneumonia, sepsis, and COVID\u201019, and other lung complications such as those related to lung transplantation, lung cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus. The effects of lung microbiome in modulating host immunity and inflammation in the lung and distal organs are being elucidated. However, the precise mechanism by which members of microbiota produce structural ligands that interact with host genes and pathways remains largely uncharacterized. Multiple unique challenges, both technically and biologically, exist in the field of lung microbiome, necessitating the development of tailored experimental and analytical approaches to overcome the bottlenecks. In this review, we first provide an overview of the principles and methodologies in studying the lung microbiome. We next review current knowledge of the roles of lung microbiome in human diseases, highlighting mechanistic insights. We finally discuss critical challenges in the field and share our thoughts on broad topics for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T05:19:59Z","timestamp":1655356799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The human lung microbiome\u2014A hidden link between microbes and human health and diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Xinzhu","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1278-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00000302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00810-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0487-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00476.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0441OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0655OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-018-0051-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0273TR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01758"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01678-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7171\/jbt.17-2801-008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0426-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201911-2202OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2021.100035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00824-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/MRI.S40864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-020-00227-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12060892"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0068LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61136-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson Robert P. John R.Erb\u2010Downward Christine M.Freeman LisaMcCloskey Nicole R.Falkowski Gary B.Huffnagle andJeffrey L.Curtis.2017. \u201cBacterial Topography of the Healthy Human Lower Respiratory Tract.\u201dmBio8(1):e02287\u201316.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02287-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02287-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01406-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0727-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1085-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1080-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S159335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00766-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01289-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00832-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1408OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-214770"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201009-1392OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201403-0541OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald Vanessa M. JamesFingleton AlvarAgusti Sarah A.Hiles Vanessa L.Clark Anne E.Holland Guy BMarks et al.2019. \u201cTreatable Traits: A New Paradigm for 21st Century Management of Chronic Airway Diseases: Treatable Traits Down under International Workshop Report.\u201dEuropean Respiratory Journal531802058.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02058-2018","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02058-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3448OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01552-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02593-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201907-1487OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1203-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2441OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00961-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00257-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202103-0814OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32832c975a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","first-page":"2047","article-title":"The Characterization of Lung Microbiome in Lung Cancer Patients with Different Clinicopathology","volume":"9","author":"Huang Danhui","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Cancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1501-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2118OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00300-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01919-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30405-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22344-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2424OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03292-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2145OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1875OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1583OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1783188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.633396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02467-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30510-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1574OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0779OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201809-1650OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01293-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15344-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03452-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102974"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1596OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01872-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13751-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04427-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0643-y"}],"container-title":["iMeta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/imt2.33","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/imt2.33","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/imt2.33","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T09:50:42Z","timestamp":1692697842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/imt2.33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/imt2.33"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/imt2.33","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2770-596X","2770-596X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2770-596X","type":"print"},{"value":"2770-596X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e33"}}