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Most\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine is intracellular, being present predominantly in liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney. The organic cation transporter\u20102 facilitates\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine uptake inside cells. Congenital dysfunction of this transporter causes primary\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine deficiency. Carnitine acetyltransferase is involved in the export of excess acetyl groups from the mitochondria and in acetylation reactions that regulate gene transcription and enzyme activity. Carnitine octanoyltransferase is a peroxysomal enzyme required for the complete oxidation of very long\u2010chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, a branched\u2010chain fatty acid. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase\u20101 is a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the conversion of acyl\u2010coenzyme A esters to acyl\u2010carnitine esters. Carnitine acyl\u2010carnitine translocase transports acyl\u2010carnitine esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for free\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine that exits the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase\u20102 is anchored on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it converts acyl\u2010carnitine esters back to acyl\u2010coenzyme A esters, which may be used in metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial \u03b2\u2010oxidation.\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010Carnitine enhances nonoxidative glucose disposal under euglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine strengthens insulin effect on glycogen storage. The plasma level of acyl\u2010carnitine esters, primarily acetyl\u2010carnitine, increases during diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting, and physical activity, particularly high\u2010intensity exercise. Plasma concentration of free\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010carnitine decreases simultaneously under these conditions. \u00a9 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(8):578\u2013594, 2017\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]],"date-time":"2017-06-26T23:44:41Z","timestamp":1498520681000},"page":"578-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Significance of\n                    <scp>l<\/scp>\n                    \u2010carnitine for human health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda M.","family":"Adeva\u2010Andany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Juan Cardona R\u00faa Pardo Baz\u00e1n Ferrol Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Calvo\u2010Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Juan Cardona R\u00faa Pardo Baz\u00e1n Ferrol Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Juan Cardona R\u00faa Pardo Baz\u00e1n Ferrol Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Donapetry\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Juan Cardona R\u00faa Pardo Baz\u00e1n Ferrol Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedre\u2010Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Juan Cardona R\u00faa Pardo Baz\u00e1n Ferrol Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0277-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-2918(95)80017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(99)80047-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(80)90133-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342110-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90432-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270006292851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.255.6.E946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.201343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.10.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0297f.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203883200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.32.20378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00220.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-014-0090-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.146449"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/5030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.12.2247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/8904_2012_198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-68"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2008.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0594-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2006.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.10.1691"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35167-5","article-title":"Na(+)\u2010dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance","volume":"291","author":"Ohashi R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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