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However, basic research has shown that specific forms of vitamin E such as \u03b3\u2010tocopherol (\u03b3T), \u03b4\u2010tocopherol (\u03b4T), \u03b3\u2010tocotrienol (\u03b3TE) and \u03b4\u2010tocotrienol (\u03b4TE) can inhibit the growth and induce death of many types of cancer cells, and are capable of suppressing cancer development in preclinical cancer models. For these activities, these vitamin E forms are much stronger than \u03b1T. Further, recent research revealed novel anti\u2010inflammatory and anticancer effects of vitamin E metabolites including 13\u2032\u2010carboxychromanols. This review focuses on anti\u2010proliferation and induction of death in cancer cells by vitamin E forms and metabolites, and discuss mechanisms underlying these anticancer activities. The existing in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that \u03b3T, \u03b4T, tocotrienols and 13\u2032\u2010carboxychromanols have anti\u2010cancer activities via modulating key signaling or mediators that regulate cell death and tumor progression, such as eicosanoids, NF\u2010\u03baB, STAT3, PI3K, and sphingolipid metabolism. These results provide useful scientific rationales and mechanistic understanding for further translation of basic discoveries to the clinic with respect to potential use of these vitamin E forms and metabolites for cancer prevention and therapy. \u00a9 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):495\u2013506, 2019<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T13:38:41Z","timestamp":1544535521000},"page":"495-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Natural forms of vitamin E and metabolites\u2014regulation of cancer cell death and underlying mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moya\u2010Camarena S. 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