{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:59:27Z","timestamp":1789977567142,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["571090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["571090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is good evidence from studies conducted in a single\u2010centre research setting for the efficacy of graded motor imagery (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content>) treatment, a complex physiotherapy intervention, to reduce pain in long\u2010standing complex regional pain syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>). However, whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> is effective in clinical practice is not established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To establish whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> is effective in clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We undertook a prospective audit of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> treatment at two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> centres with a special interest in the management of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>. All patients received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content>, in conjunction with a range of other \u2018best practice\u2019 physical and psychological interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients' average pain intensities did not improve with treatment [centre 1: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920, pre\u2010post numeric rating scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NRS<\/jats:styled-content>) difference 0.6 [confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) \u22120.3 to 1.5]; centre 2: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912, pre\u2010post <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NRS<\/jats:styled-content> difference 0.2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.9 to 1.2)]. Patients at centre 1 reported significant functional improvement. Improved performance on left\/right judgement replicated in both centres seen in the clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The failure of our real\u2010world implementation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> suggests that better understanding of both the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> methodology and its interaction with other treatment methods is required to ensure that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMI<\/jats:styled-content> research results can be translated into clinical practice. Our results highlight challenges with the translation of complex interventions for chronic pain conditions into clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2011.00064.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T11:37:43Z","timestamp":1324553863000},"page":"550-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Using graded motor imagery for complex regional pain syndrome in clinical practice: Failure to improve pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Derbyshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool L9\u20097LJ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.L.","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.C.","family":"de C. 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