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Although male rats contain significant amounts of oestradiol, it was unknown whether a physiological concentration of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol would attenuate male<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>inflammation and nociception.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intact and castrated rats were given a physiological concentration of oestradiol to examine first, if oestradiol will affect male<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>nociception\/inflammation and, second, if administration of oestradiol would act synergistically with endogenous male hormones to attenuate<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>nociception. The hormonally treated rats were given<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>injections of complete<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>reund's adjuvant (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFA<\/jats:styled-content>) and then nociception was measured using a validated method in which a lengthening in meal duration is directly correlated to the intensity of deep<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>nociception. Inflammation was assayed by quantitating pro\u2010inflammatory gene expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meal duration was significantly lengthened after<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ CFA<\/jats:styled-content>injection and this lengthening was significantly attenuated in the castrated but not intact males after administering a physiological concentration of oestradiol. A physiological concentration of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol also significantly increased<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 expression in the inflamed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>of castrated males while 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol did not alter<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>2 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>20 expression. Castration increased pro\u2010inflammatory mediators<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>2 suggesting male sex hormones were anti\u2010inflammatory. Calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide in the trigeminal ganglia was unchanged.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Similar to females, male rats with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content>inflammation showed a reduced nociceptive response after treatment with a physiological concentration of oestradiol suggesting the effects of oestradiol treatment were not constrained by organizational processes in the males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00183.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T16:14:38Z","timestamp":1340122478000},"page":"174-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modulation of temporomandibular joint nociception and inflammation in male rats after administering a physiological concentration of 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