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Aspects of the aetiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> are controversial. Many studies have identified an association between depression and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between both maternal antenatal depression and parental depression during the offspring's childhood with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms of the offspring during adulthood and to evaluate the effect of the offspring's own depression on this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the general population\u2010based <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>orthern <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>inland <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>irth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort 1966 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NFBC<\/jats:styled-content> 1966), mothers of 12,058 children were asked at mid\u2010gestation at the antenatal clinic if they felt depressed. Of these offspring who had data available on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms in the computer\u2010aided inquiry at the 31\u2010year field study, a final study data of 5541 subjects was compiled. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>innish <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ischarge <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>egister was used to identify depression in the parents between the years 1972 and 1984 (when offspring were 6\u201318 years old).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no statistically significant associations between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms and maternal antenatal depressed mood. However, parental depression during the offspring's childhood associated significantly with facial pain [adjusted odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR)<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.64; 1.05\u20132.56] and with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content> pain at jaw rest (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.81; 1.13\u20132.89), even after adjusting for gender, occupation of the father, family type at birth and the offspring's self\u2010reported depression in adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms is not elevated in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers. Parental depression during an offspring's childhood increases the risk of pain\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms in their early adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00270.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T20:19:01Z","timestamp":1355861941000},"page":"1048-1057","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pain\u2010related symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers and depressed parents: A 31\u2010year follow\u2010up of the <scp>N<\/scp>orthern <scp>F<\/scp>inland <scp>B<\/scp>irth <scp>C<\/scp>ohort 1966"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"E.S.J.","family":"Pelkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Oulu  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.H.","family":"M\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Kyll\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Taanila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences University of Oulu  Finland"},{"name":"Primary Health Care Unit Oulu University Hospital  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.K.","family":"Sipil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology Institute of Dentistry University of Oulu  Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Department Kuopio University Hospital  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"The intrauterine origins of cardiovascular and obstructive lung disease in adult life. 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