{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:22:13Z","timestamp":1777418533486,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>) results in the development of chronic pain that is refractory to conventional treatment. Progesterone, a neuroprotective steroid, may offer a promising perspective in pain modulation after central injury. Here, we explore the impact of progesterone administration on the post\u2010injury inflammatory cascade involving the enzymes cyclooxygenase\u20102 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COX<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>) at the spinal cord level. We also analyse pain behaviours, the profile of glial cell activation, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I\u03baB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels, as an index of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:styled-content> transactivation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used biochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, as well as behavioural studies, to investigate the effects of progesterone in a well\u2010characterized model of central neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injured animals receiving progesterone presented reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels of the proinflammatory enzymes, as well as decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COX<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 activity and nitrite levels, as compared to vehicle\u2010treated injured rats. Further, animals receiving the steroid exhibited lower levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I\u03baB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:styled-content> transactivation. Progesterone administration also attenuated the injury\u2010induced increase in the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OX<\/jats:styled-content>\u201042 positive cells both at early and late time points after injury, and prevented the development of mechanical and thermal allodynia. Further, when injured rats received early progesterone administration for a critical period of time after injury, they did not display allodynic behaviours even after the treatment had stopped.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that progesterone, by modulating early neuroinflammatory events triggered after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>, may represent a useful strategy to prevent the development of central chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00376.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T12:48:22Z","timestamp":1375966102000},"page":"348-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Progesterone reduces the expression of spinal cyclooxygenase\u20102 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and prevents allodynia in a rat model of central neuropathic 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Universidad de Buenos Aires  Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.L.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nocicepci\u00f3n y Dolor Neurop\u00e1tico Instituto de Biolog\u00eda y Medicina Experimental CONICET  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Humana Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires  Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3020723"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Monitoring NF\u2010kappa B transactivation potential via real\u2010time PCR quantification of I kappa B\u2010alpha gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Bottero V.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol 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