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Treatments with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>ta were carried out before <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>g or before or after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CION<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>ta or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex abolished inflammatory thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Also, each drug, when given at the day of the surgery and the subsequent day, was effective to abolish thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CION<\/jats:styled-content>, assessed on day 4 and on day 13 after the surgery, respectively. However, Eta, but not <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex, given after the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CION<\/jats:styled-content>, abolished thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 level in the trigeminal ganglion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 has an important role in cold, heat and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by inflammation or neuropathy in the orofacial region and this may contribute for the establishment of new therapeutic strategies to treat orofacial 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