{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:22:37Z","timestamp":1790220157766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4094,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Marijuana and \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increase heart rate, slightly increase supine blood pressure, and on occasion produce marked orthostatic hypotension. Cardiovascular effects in animals are different, with bradycardia and hypotension the most typical response. Cardiac output increases, and peripheral vascular resistance and maximum exercise performance decrease. Tolerance to most of the initial cardiovascular effects appears rapidly. With repeated exposure, supine blood pressure decreases slightly, orthostatic hypotension disappears, blood volume increases, heart rate slows, and circulatory responses to exercise and Valsalva maneuver are diminished, consistent with centrally mediated, reduced sympathetic, and enhanced parasympathetic activity. Receptor\u2010mediated and probably nonneuronal sites of action account for cannabinoid effects. The endocannabinoid system appears important in the modulation of many vascular functions. Marijuana's cardiovascular effects are not associated with serious health problems for most young, healthy users, although occasional myocardial infarction, stroke, and other adverse cardiovascular events are reported. Marijuana smoking by people with cardiovascular disease poses health risks because of the consequences of the resulting increased cardiac work, increased catecholamine levels, carboxyhemoglobin, and postural hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T10:01:55Z","timestamp":1389866515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":244,"title":["Cardiovascular System Effects of Marijuana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Reese T.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06864-4","article-title":"Cannabinoid pharmacology","volume":"38","author":"Dewey WL","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06862-0","article-title":"Health aspects of cannabis","volume":"38","author":"Hollister LE","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08576.x","article-title":"Cannabis\u20141988","volume":"345","author":"Hollister LE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(74)90033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197208032870501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-4-571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y74-090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Effect of marijuana and placebo\u2010marijuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological cardiovascular functioning in anginal patients","volume":"12","author":"Gottschalk LA","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197506000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197506000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(75)90161-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975183287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1979254440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.53.4.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39035-4","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and vascular function","volume":"294","author":"Hillard CJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.3.790"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2001.02269.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197603000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02589.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-4-448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197407112910203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975175549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1978.0246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"627P","article-title":"Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of cannabis extracts and 1\u2010tetra\u2010hydrocannabinol (1\u2010THC)","volume":"47","author":"Li DM","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90239-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)30459-3","article-title":"Vasoconstrictor actions of Delta8\u2010 and Delta9\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat","volume":"196","author":"Adams MD","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1973.03220280015004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1973144part1533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02598.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1977225part1550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49900.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427475","article-title":"Effects of marihuana use on body weight and caloric intake in humans","volume":"49","author":"Greenberg I","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1977213336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00609-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/pcad.2002.123470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971125762"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(77)80215-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90084-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(00)00459-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002460010063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197101142840225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105200101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.9.1381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.63.740.511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.853.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.3.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.3.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06895-4","article-title":"General pharmacological actions of some synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives","volume":"23","author":"Hardman HF","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)32409-2","article-title":"The cardiovascular and autonomic effects of repeated administration of Delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol to rhesus monkeys","volume":"216","author":"Fredericks AB","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012301021419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(00)00056-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(00)00194-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.60.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.0341060"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fj.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T15:28:49Z","timestamp":1746113329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}}}