{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:54:01Z","timestamp":1791176041062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4094,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoids, including smoked marijuana and \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (dronabinol, Marinol), have been used to treat human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 (HIV)\u2013associated anorexia and weight loss. Concerns have been raised, however, that these compounds might have adverse effects on the immune system of subjects with HIV infection. To determine whether such effects occur, the authors designed a randomized, prospective, controlled trial comparing the use of marijuana cigarettes (3.95% THC), dronabinol (2.5 mg), and oral placebo in HIV\u2010infected adults taking protease inhibitor\u2010containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Assays of immune phenotype (including flow cytometric quantitation of T cell subpopulations, B cells, and natural killer [NK] cells) and immune function (including assays for induced cytokine production, NK cell function, and lymphoproliferation) were performed at baseline and weekly thereafter. On the basis of these measurements and during this short 21\u2010day study period, few statistically significant effects were noted on immune system phenotypes or functions in this patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06007.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T10:01:55Z","timestamp":1389866515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Short\u2010Term Effects of Cannabinoids on Immune Phenotype and Function in HIV\u20101\u2010Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Barry M.","family":"Bredt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Higuera\u2010Alhino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Starley B.","family":"Shade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"McCune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald I.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399686"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v01n03_03"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"Drugs of Abuse, Immunity and Immunodeficiency","author":"Cabral G","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39607-2","article-title":"Delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha: Suppression of post\u2010translational events","volume":"267","author":"Fischer\u2010Stenger K","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharm Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.1177-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-209-43897b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1951-5_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00227-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Marijuana and immunity","volume":"6","author":"Friedman H","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential","author":"Cabral GA","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704327"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-2725(95)00043-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","unstructured":"ChildCC MitchellTF AbramsDI:Patterns of therapeutic marijuana use in two community\u2010based cannabis buyers' cooperatives[abstract 60569]. 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