{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:02:20Z","timestamp":1793494940188,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]],"date-time":"2012-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Congress passed the Drug\u2010Free Workplace Act in April 1988, which resulted in the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. The intent was to establish a substance\u2010free work environment for all federal workers by requiring that all federal employees pass a urine drug test before employment. These guidelines specifically, and exclusively, focus on testing urine specimens for metabolites of marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates (focusing on heroin metabolites), and amphetamines (including Ecstasy). Since then, there have been many scientific, technical, and legal challenges to the validity of urine drug testing. In response, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, a division operating under the executive branch of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, put forth, through many revisions, strict procedural guidelines and specimen validity\u2010testing criteria to manage suspicious or adulterated samples during and after urine collection. This review focuses on the legal ramifications, the procedural process, and the sensitivity and specificity of the two urine drug tests used for workplace drug testing: immunoassay and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Moreover, we dissect the problematic issue of cross\u2010sensitivity between illicit and prescription drugs, and how this affects the validity of future urine drug testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2011.01089.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T03:57:06Z","timestamp":1346817426000},"page":"649-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Drug Testing in the Workplace"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Hieu M.","family":"Phan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Touro University\u2013California Vallejo California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Yoshizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Touro University\u2013California Vallejo California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl J.","family":"Murry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Touro University\u2013California Vallejo California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Worksite health care costs\/claims. Available fromhttp:\/\/store.samhsa.gov\/shin\/content\/SMA07-4298\/SMA07-4298.pdf. Accessed May 3 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/83.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs. Available fromhttp:\/\/workplace.samhsa.gov\/DrugTesting\/pdf\/HHS%20Mandatory%20Guidelines%20(Effective%20November%201 %202004).pdf. 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