{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:07:27Z","timestamp":1793308047629,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"\n Study Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To contrast the characteristics of two groups of anabolic\u2010androgenic steroid (\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) users\u2014those with versus those without\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n dependence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n \n Subanalysis of data from the\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n nabolic 500, a cross\u2010sectional survey.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n One hundred twelve male\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010dependent users and 367\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010nondependent users who completed an online survey between\n F<\/jats:styled-content>\n ebruary 19 and\n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n une 30, 2009.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Respondents were recruited from the Internet discussion boards of 38 fitness, bodybuilding, weightlifting, and steroid\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n eb sites. The respondents provided online informed consent and completed the\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n nabolic 500, a 99\u2010item Web\u2010based survey. Self\u2010reported data included demographics, exercise patterns, use of\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and other performance\u2010enhancing agents, adverse effects of\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n use, behavior consistent with\n Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision<\/jats:italic>\n (DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n TR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) criteria for\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n dependence, history of illicit drug and alcohol use, history of sexual or physical abuse, and psychiatric conditions diagnosed according to the DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR. Behavior consistent with\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n dependence was identified in 23.4% of the survey participants. These\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010dependent users were more excessive in their\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n use (e.g., higher doses, higher quantity of agents, longer duration of use), more likely to report a history of illicit heroin use in the last 12\u00a0months (5.4% vs 1.9%, p=0.049), and more likely to report a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (16.1 vs 8.4%, p=0.020) or major depressive disorder (15.2% vs 7.4%, p=0.012) than\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010nondependent users.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Data from the Anabolic 500 survey showed that almost one quarter of\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n users were dependent on these drugs. These\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010dependent users had a higher rate of heroin use as well as anxiety and major depressive disorders compared with\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010nondependent users. These findings can help clinicians and researchers better understand and address the potential illicit drug use and psychiatric comorbidities that may be present among\n AAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010dependent users.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2012.01123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T09:50:00Z","timestamp":1349171400000},"page":"910-919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Psychological and Physical Impact of Anabolic\u2010Androgenic Steroid Dependence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Ip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Touro University California College of Pharmacy Vallejo California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie 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