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Participants (<jats:italic>N\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u200933) could work in the therapeutic workplace, a model employment\u2010based program for drug addiction, for 30 weeks and could earn approximately $10 per hr. During a 4\u2010week induction, participants only had to work to earn pay. After induction, access to the workplace was contingent on enrollment in methadone treatment. After participants met the methadone contingency for 3 weeks, they had to provide opiate\u2010negative urine samples to maintain maximum pay. After participants met those contingencies for 3 weeks, they had to provide opiate\u2010 and cocaine\u2010negative urine samples to maintain maximum pay. The percentage of drug\u2010negative urine samples remained stable until the abstinence reinforcement contingency for each drug was applied. The percentage of opiate\u2010 and cocaine\u2010negative urine samples increased abruptly and significantly after the opiate\u2010 and cocaine\u2010abstinence contingencies, respectively, were applied. These results demonstrate that the sequential administration of employment\u2010based abstinence reinforcement can increase opiate and cocaine abstinence among out\u2010of\u2010treatment injection drug users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T08:17:24Z","timestamp":1412756244000},"page":"681-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Employment\u2010based abstinence reinforcement promotes opiate and cocaine abstinence in out\u2010of\u2010treatment injection drug users"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"August F.","family":"Holtyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail N.","family":"Koffarnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"DeFulio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurdur O.","family":"Sigurdsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Florida Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Strain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friends Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810100099020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740\u20105472(03)00038\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376\u20108716(96)01257\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Facilitating treatment entry among out\u2010of\u2010treatment injection drug users","volume":"113","author":"Booth R. 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