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Furthermore, the overtime interaction between resilience factors, family adversity, and young people's psychological functioning in African settings, like South Africa, is under\u2010investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between family adversity and conduct problems and depression at two\u2010time points in a sample of youths in two South African communities stressed by their dependency on economically volatile oil and gas industries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article draws on longitudinal data generated by the Resilient Youth in Stressed Environments (RYSE) study in South Africa, which included 914 and 528 (wave 1 and 3) adolescents and emerging adults (14\u201327\u2010year\u2010olds; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> age\u2009=\u200918.36 years) living in Secunda\/eMbalenhle and Sasolburg\/Zamdela. Participants were sampled at baseline (wave 1) and 18\u201324 months later (wave 3). They self\u2010reported experience of community violence, family adversity, resilience\u2010enabling resources, conduct difficulties, and depression symptoms. Regression analyses were used to examine the unadjusted and adjusted association of family adversity on conduct problem and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 60% of participants reported high family adversity. Regressions, however, revealed no association between family adversity and conduct problems and depression cross\u2010sectionally and over time. Individual resilience, biological sex, and experience of victimization in the community, however, were associated with conduct difficulty while all three resilience factors were associated with decreased depression among participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study sheds light on the risk and protective factors for mental health outcomes of adolescents and youths who reside in volatile, turbulent communities and experience ongoing familial challenges. To effectively support the mental well\u2010being of young individuals in such contexts, interventions must consider the potential ambivalence of the resilience factors they aim to strengthen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T12:24:45Z","timestamp":1687177485000},"page":"1333-1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The association between family adversity and youth mental health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseyi","family":"Somefun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3979-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Theron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0431-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ungar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2019.1637912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck depression Inventory II","author":"Beck A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.04.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10834-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00499-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-02107-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Ambiguous agency: Critical perspectives on social interventions with children and youth in Africa","author":"Bordonaro L. 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