{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:18:17Z","timestamp":1791559097389,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Online grooming is the process by which an adult manipulates a minor by using information and communication technologies to interact sexually with that minor. The objective of this study was to analyze the stability of online grooming victimization among minors and its relationship with demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, and sexual orientation), emotions of shame and guilt, and depression and anxiety symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 746 adolescents aged 12\u201314 years when the study started (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>age\u2009=\u200913.34, SD\u2009=\u20090.87) who completed self\u2010reports at Time 1 (T1) and 1 year later at Time 2 (T2). Among them, 400 were girls, 344 were boys, and two were nonbinary. At each time point, the minors self\u2010reported their online grooming experiences during the previous year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that 11.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200989) of the participants were T1\u2010victims, 13% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200995) were T2\u2010victims, and 11% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200981) were stable victims of online grooming. Stability in victimization was related to being older, being a sexual minority, being born abroad, having separated or divorced parents, and having parents with a lower education level. Stable victims showed higher shame and guilt scores at T1 than did T1\u2010victims, indicating that elevated levels of shame and guilt could contribute to the persistence of online grooming over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, adolescents in the stable victim category presented more depression and anxiety symptoms. Intervention strategies should address emotions related to victimization, such as shame and guilt, as well as depression and anxiety symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T04:36:23Z","timestamp":1693802183000},"page":"1715-1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Stability of the online grooming victimization of minors: Prevalence and association with shame, guilt, and mental health outcomes over one year"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"G\u00e1mez\u2010Guadix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Est\u00edbaliz","family":"Mateos\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basque Country Leioa Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1650-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jone","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Bacaicoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Ainsaar L. &L\u00f6\u00f6f L.(2011).Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse.Literature Report. ROBERT Risk taking online behaviour empowerment through research and training. European Union & Council of the Baltic Sea States."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5914.00210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2015.8.2.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600601069414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"The SCL\u201090\u2010R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI\u201018","author":"Derogatis L. R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1985.tb02703.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105250"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-022-00775-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-021-09421-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217720927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.4.428"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Guilt: Elaboration of a multidimensional model","volume":"53","author":"Kubany E. S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507305996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"O'Connell R.(2003). A typology of child cybersexploitation and online grooming practices. Preston: University of Central.https:\/\/image.guardian.co.uk\/sys-files\/Society\/documents\/2003\/07\/17\/Groomingreport.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19361521.2011.545811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.1) [Computer software].https:\/\/cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from MRAN snapshot 2022-01-01)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.04.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","article-title":"Estrategias de persuasi\u00f3n percibidas por adolescentes en situaciones de enga\u00f1o pederasta por internet (online grooming)","volume":"26","author":"De Santisteban P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavioral Psychology\/Psicologia Conductual"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"The jamovi project. (2022). jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer Software].https:\/\/www.jamovi.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Understanding child sexual abuse: Making the tactics visible","author":"Warner S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Webster S. Davidson J. Bifulco A. Gottschalk P. Caretti V. Pham T. Grove\u2010Hills J. Turley C. Tompkins C. &Ciulla S.(2012).European online grooming project final report.European Commission Safer Internet Plus Programme Tech. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2014.944074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.12240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T07:26:58Z","timestamp":1703143618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jad.12240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jad.12240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.12240","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}