{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1791868432942,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006830","name":"Graduate School, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Girls in Tanzania often experience menstrual restrictions (i.e., expectations about behaviors prohibited during menstruation) and menstrual stigma (i.e., negative attitudes toward people who menstruate). A better understanding of sociocultural contexts contributing to menstrual stigma and restrictions is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2018, two conceptually linked quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted to describe menstrual restrictions and stigma among girls in Tanzania, examine how sociocultural contexts influence menstrual restrictions and stigma, and investigate the relationship between menstrual restrictions and stigma. A cross\u2010sectional survey of 509 post\u2010menarche girls from five schools assessed associations between religion, religion\u2010based menstrual restrictions, and menstrual stigma while controlling for differences between schools. In\u2010depth interviews with 10 adolescent girls and 10 adult key informants explored broader menstrual experiences. We analyzed themes pertaining to sociocultural contexts and other mechanisms that shape menstrual restrictions and stigma, their impacts on girls, and opportunities for intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the surveys, 52% of Christian girls and 76% of Muslim girls experienced religion\u2010based menstrual restrictions. Some restrictions, such as prohibitions against praying during menstruation, were more common among Muslim girls, who also had higher menstrual stigma. Menstrual stigma differed by school. Although menstrual restrictions did not show an association with stigma in the surveys, interview participants described how menstrual restrictions contribute to stigma and indicated that religion, tribe, education, family support, and menstrual resources influence menstrual restrictions and stigma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sociocultural contexts influence menstrual restrictions and stigma. Working with religious, school, and family leaders may provide opportunities to implement interventions to reduce menstrual stigma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T11:36:36Z","timestamp":1736508996000},"page":"901-916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["\u201cDue to These Restrictions, Girls Think of Themselves as Nothing<i>\u201d<\/i>: A Qualitative and Quantitative Description of Menstrual Restrictions and Stigma Among Adolescent Girls Across Religious and Other Sociocultural Contexts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha S.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociomedical Sciences Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen J.","family":"Sikkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rubli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Femme International Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"DeVries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Cherenack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-022-14942-8\/FIGURES\/7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.146.33492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00212-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0239914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S407455"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Brown D. andP.James.2019. \u201cReligious Characteristics of States Dataset Project\u2014Demographics v. 2.0 (RCS\u2010Dem 2.0) COUNTRIES ONLY.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7SR4M."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"WASH in Schools Empowers Girls' Education: Tools for Assessing Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools","author":"Caruso B.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0293-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2020.1821861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-021-10005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy\/9.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1139043"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"A Study on Menstrual Hygiene Among Rural Adolescent Girls","volume":"48","author":"Drakshayani Devi K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJEDRO.2024.100347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Education Policy Data Center.2018. \u201cNational Education Profile 2018 Update: Tanzania.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.epdc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/EPDC_NEP_2018_Tanzania.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/HE-12-2020-0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327019eb0904_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"Government of Tanzania & UNICEF.2021. 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