{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:30:18Z","timestamp":1790731818398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past two decades, the prevalence of psychological distress and mental disorders among adolescents has markedly increased. This coincides with the advent and rapid adoption of social media, resulting in a proliferation of research examining time spent on social media and its relationship with mental health. However, to date, findings have been inconclusive. The active\/passive model of social media behavior theorizes that \u201cpassive\u201d social media behaviors (e.g., scrolling\/watching) are associated with worse mental health outcomes than \u201cactive\u201d behaviors (e.g., messaging or posting). The present study investigates both cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal relationships between active and passive social media behaviors and both psychological distress and mental wellbeing, while also examining differential effects of gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study uses data from two assessment waves (2021 and 2022) of a large adolescent Australian data set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093205, T1 mean age 14.6 [SD: 0.62], 53.6% cisgender female\/gender diverse). Three distinct behaviors were examined: (1) messaging\/video calling friends (active), (2) posting content (active), and (3) scrolling or viewing content (passive).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was little evidence of a longitudinal relationship between 12\u2010month change in any of the social media behaviors and psychological distress or mental wellbeing. While there were gender differences in the prevalence of the social media behaviors, there was no evidence of a gender interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest the need to move beyond the active and passive model of social media behavior as a framework to explain the relationship between social media and adolescent mental health. We discuss several new directions for research and policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T11:05:31Z","timestamp":1758711931000},"page":"237-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Scrolling, Chatting, and Posting: Longitudinal Changes in Distinct Social Media Behaviors and Their Relationship With Psychological Distress and Mental Wellbeing in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Smout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. A.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. C.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. E.","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67727-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107084"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Temporal Associations of Screen Time and Anxiety Symptoms Among Adolescents","volume":"65","author":"Boers E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Brennan N. J. R.Beames A.Kos et al. Psychological Distress in Young People in Australia Fifth Biennial Youth Mental Health Report: 2012\u22122020. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00028-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1559535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Commissioner O.o.t.A.I. Social Media and Online Privacy. n.d.https:\/\/www.oaic.gov.au\/privacy\/your-privacy-rights\/social-media-and-online-privacy\/social-media#:~:text=Social%20media%20refers%20to%20any %2C%20Facebook%2C%20Twitter%20or%20LinkedIn."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01389-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305121988931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03235-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Dickson K. M.R I.Kwan et al. Screen\u2010Based Activities and Children and Young People's Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing: A Systematic Map of Reviews. EPPI\u2010Centre Social Science Research Unit UCL Institute of Education University College London. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pro0000426"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","article-title":"Reviewing the Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"14","author":"Gupta C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Mental Illness","author":"Health, A.I.o. and Welfare","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Henley J.Europe to Ban Teenagers from Facebook Unless Parents Give Permission. 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/edp.2015.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859336"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","article-title":"Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Karim F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00427-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01697-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01833-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03243-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"Observatory E. A.France: New Law Sets Minimum Age to Join Social Networks. 2023. Accessed.https:\/\/merlin.obs.coe.int\/article\/9842#:~:text=Under%20the%20new%20law%20no to%20join%20a%20social%20network."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00307-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02040-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0754-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.975557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0881-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026221078309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01350-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00246-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2025.100243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-022-10013-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12670-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02093-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-015-9339-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","unstructured":"Translate C. L.Kid Mode: Guidelines for the Protection of Minors Online. n.d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911231173080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211065425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214211053637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S324235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12376"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:48:12Z","timestamp":1767858492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jad.70055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jad.70055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.70055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}