{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:50:31Z","timestamp":1791366631699,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developing a strong sense of identity is a core developmental task in adolescence and emerging adulthood, yet relatively little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms that promote or hinder this process. Guided by schema theory, this exploratory study examined how early emotional experiences, reflected in Early Adaptive Schemas and Early Maladaptive Schemas, relate to identity development. Three research questions were addressed: (1) What are the associations between identity dimensions and (mal)adaptive domains? (2) Can meaningful identity statuses be identified based on these dimensions? (3) Do schema domains (cross\u2010sectionally) predict identity status membership?.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community sample of 711 Flemish emerging adults (68.9% female, M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200919.53) completed online questionnaires assessing the study variables. Cluster analysis, linear regression modeling, and multinomial logistic regression were performed to answer the research questions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adaptive and maladaptive schemas significantly predicted all identity dimensions. Out of these dimensions, six identity statuses were identified (achievement, foreclosure, ruminative moratorium, doubting diffusion, troubled diffusion, and an undifferentiated cluster), largely mirroring previous research. Status membership was significantly predicted by adaptive and maladaptive schema domains, except for ruminative moratorium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results from linear regression modeling and multinomial logistic regression offer preliminary evidence that early emotional experiences, both supportive and frustrating, as measured through adaptive and maladaptive schemas, are meaningfully related to how emerging adults form their identity. Given the study's highly exploratory design, findings should be interpreted with caution, but they point toward the usefulness of schema theory as a theoretical framework within the context of identity development. More research, in particular using a longitudinal design, is necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1786530792000},"page":"2443-2458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Schema\u2010Theoretical Perspective on Identity Development: An Exploratory Study Linking Early (Mal)adaptive Schemas With Identity Dimensions and Statuses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakke","family":"Coenye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8862-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Luyckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"UNIBS, University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7992-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnoud","family":"Arntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Verbeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5518-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lien","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Beyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1410566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000272"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08518-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects","author":"Beck A. T.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders","author":"Beck A. T.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2020.1764842"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927408827101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-024-09506-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Age of Onset of Mental Disorders: Etiopathogenetic and Treatment Implications","author":"Chanen A. M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2025.2478032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1996.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11381-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/humor-2013-0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"Erikson E. H.2013. Childhood and Society. WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Identity Youth and Crisis (No. 7)","author":"Erikson E. H.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0350-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0267-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-023-01549-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cps0000108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis","author":"Kaufman L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610918.2017.1371750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119962830.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941221100445"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2014.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.4.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2016.1245156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Psychology","author":"Marcia J. E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13622"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.804529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"Schwab A.2007. Data Analysis and Computers II Solving Problems course University of Texas at Austin.http:\/\/www.utexas.edu\/courses\/schwab\/sw388r7."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9606-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-007-0003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22835"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1040-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young J. E. andG.Brown.2005. \u201cYoung Schema Questionnaire\u2010Short Form; Version 3. Psychological Assessment.\u201dhttps:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/t12644-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t67023-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","volume-title":"Schema Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide","author":"Young J. E.","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70227","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jad.70227","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:59:56Z","timestamp":1791363596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jad.70227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jad.70227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.70227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}