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In this longitudinal, multi\u2010method study, we explored prospective relations from childhood ELA subtypes (i.e., relational, environmental, biological) to adolescents' observed prosocial behavior (i.e., resource allocation to benefit others) via parent reports of childhood cognitive and affective empathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 250 youth (50% assigned female at birth; 46% Latine, 18% Black, 11.2% White, 0.4% Asian, and 24.4% multiracial) and parents who completed laboratory assessments at ages 4, 8, or 17. ELA across the first 4\u2009years of life and childhood empathy (age 8) were assessed via parent reports, whereas prosocial behavior was measured using teacher reports (age 8) and a computer\u2010based behavioral assessment (age 17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlling for youth's assigned sex, ethnicity\u2010race, and prior prosocial behavior, path analyses revealed distinct pathways across ELA subtypes. A significant path from relational ELA to decreased prosocial behavior was mediated by lower affective empathy, aligning with deficit\u2010based frameworks of adversity. However, consistent with strength\u2010based perspectives, a significant path from biological ELA to increased prosocial behavior was mediated by higher affective empathy. Neither environmental ELA nor cognitive empathy was associated with prosocial behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future research should explore socialization factors and interventions that enhance affective empathy among adolescents with biological and relational ELA, while considering multiple forms of prosocial behavior (e.g., helping vs. comforting) and additional mechanisms that may underlie these observed pathways (e.g., sensitive parenting, motivation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.70264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:24:03Z","timestamp":1791365043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Life Adversity and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Childhood Empathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duyen T.","family":"Trang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont McKenna College Claremont California USA"},{"name":"University of California, Riverside Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey N.","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont McKenna College Claremont California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6185-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianne R.","family":"Coulombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Aiken Aiken South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0907-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuppett M.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Riverside Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.082206.094100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Social Learning and Personality Development","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Altruism in Humans","author":"Batson C. 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