{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:41:43Z","timestamp":1792410103940,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Students' mindsets about the malleability of their abilities shape their academic performance, social adaptation, and psychological well\u2010being, making it important to track how these beliefs change during adolescence. Although mindsets undergo substantial change in this period, most studies have used latent variable models that ignore the dynamic interactions among mindset items. Examining how specific items change over time can thus reveal how mindsets develop and whether this process differs between boys and girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the temporal links among the 10 growth mindset items and the 10 fixed mindset items, identifying the central beliefs within each network, in 15,386 students (40% girls; \u2009=\u200916.73 years) from 31 secondary vocational schools in China, followed annually over 3 years. Mixed\u2010design ANOVA and cross\u2010lagged panel network (CLPN) analysis were used to compare mindset development between genders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Boys consistently reported higher aggregate scores on both growth and fixed mindsets than girls, though these differences were small. The CLPN analysis showed gender\u2010specific trajectories: girls showed earlier and more pronounced changes in the growth mindset network, whereas boys showed slower integration of growth\u2010related beliefs. By contrast, the fixed mindset networks developed similarly across genders. Item\u2010level cross\u2010lagged associations were small, and network comparisons were descriptive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conceptualizing mindsets as interconnected networks, this study identifies gender\u2010specific developmental patterns in mindset organization among Chinese vocational students, showing how mindset items co\u2010develop over time and suggesting candidate targets for gender\u2010sensitive interventions in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1792407160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender Differences in the Development of Growth and Fixed Mindsets Among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5931-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Key Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Key Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Key Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15366360802035497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2166309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608207113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-022-09695-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini G.2015.Network Analysis: A New Perspective on Personality Psychology.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119173489.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X09991567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0739-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Mindset: The New Psychology of Success","author":"Dweck C. S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315783048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025411398185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-020-09697-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Longitudinal Design Choices: Relating Data to Analysis","author":"Epskamp S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20445336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Gou\u00ebdard P. andR.Valle.2021.Sky's the Limit: Growth Mindset Students and Schools in PISA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0179-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-023-09866-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Chinese Students' and Teachers' Inferences of Effort and Ability","author":"Hong Y. Y.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.6.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aap0000064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/674551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-2297(03)00010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Governing Educational Desire: Culture, Politics, and Schooling in China","author":"Kipnis A. B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-011-9277-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V. andJ.Piaskowski2026.emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means. R package version 2.0.4.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2023.101555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-020-00227-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9380-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Vocational Education in China: The Case of the People's Republic of China (PRC)","author":"Maslak M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-005-3719-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","volume-title":"Gender, Self\u2010regulation, and Motivation","author":"Meece J. L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614548317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1480277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100479"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Gender Differences in Growth Mindset, Group Identity, and Social Skills","volume":"4","author":"Schlender J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Undergraduate Social Work Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","unstructured":"Singmann H. B.Bolker J.Westfall F.Aust andM. S.Ben\u2010Shachar2025.afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments. R package version 1.5\u20101.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=afex."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2011.00771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13636820.2018.1535519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00597-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2022.2096583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12147-005-0012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X19874091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05637-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56296\/aip00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.722805"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/696920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2022.101616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-010-9700-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jad.70287","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:52:43Z","timestamp":1792407163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jad.70287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jad.70287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.70287","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jad.70287"}}