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By using a dataset of 44 countries over 1970\u20132007, we explore the channels under which FDI fosters productivity by disentangling the impact of this factor on the production process and its components: impact on the attainable production set (input\u2013output space) and the impact on the distribution of efficiencies. We extend existing methodological tools\u2014conditional nonparametric efficiency measures\u2014to examine these interrelationships. We emphasize the usefulness of smoothing over time to better analyze the potential dynamic influence of FDI on efficiency. We find that both FDI and time play an important role as influencing efficiency distribution and affecting, to a smaller extend, the production set. This effect of FDI does not seem to vary much over time. By the second\u2010stage nonparametric regression of the conditional efficiencies over FDI and time we identify clearly the effect of time and FDI on conditional efficiency and we determine idiosyncratic efficiency, which represents the\u2018Solow residual\u2019, measured by looking to the unexplained part of the conditional efficiencies. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T18:29:51Z","timestamp":1393266591000},"page":"826-847","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Effect of FDI and Time on Catching Up: New Insights from a Conditional Nonparametric Frontier Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Mastromarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Economia Universit\u00e1 degli Studi del Salento  Centro ECOTEKNE, Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9opold","family":"Simar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Statistique, Biostatistique et Sciences Actuarielles Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010La\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07474930008800482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(77)90052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9469.00254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Economic Growth","author":"Barro RJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(97)00033-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(03)00070-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Handbook of Economic Growth","author":"Caselli F","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(01)00080-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(94)00100-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Innovation and learning: two faces of R&D","volume":"107","author":"Cohen W","year":"1989","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-005-3042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Advanced Robust and Nonparametric Methods in Efficiency Analysis: Methodology and Applications","author":"Daraio C","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-007-0049-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/51.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries","volume":"84","author":"F\u00e4re R","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.3.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3878(98)00041-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399555954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2354.2005.00364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00815.x","article-title":"Testing for (efficiency) catching\u2010up","volume":"73","author":"Henderson DJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2953682"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041464605","article-title":"Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? 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