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By combining IV with matching, we can estimate the treatment effects for the always\u2010 and never\u2010takers as well. Since in many cases these groups are the (endogenous) outcome of some assignment process, such estimates also help in judging the implications of such a selection process. In our application to the effects of participation in active labour market programmes in Switzerland, we find large and lasting positive employment effects for the compliers, whereas the effects for the always\u2010 and never\u2010participants are small. In addition, the compliers have worse employment outcomes without treatment than those who participate in the programme with or without the intervention under investigation. This suggests that the earlier assignment policy of the caseworkers was inefficient in that the always\u2010participants were neither those unemployed who would experience the highest expected treatment effects nor those unemployed who had the largest need for assistance. 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