{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:05:48Z","timestamp":1791227148069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper clarifies some conceptual shortcomings of the empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature that arise because of the hitherto inadequate application of unit root and cointegration techniques. The literature to date has ignored the fact, and a fortiori the consequences, that powers of integrated processes are themselves not integrated processes. The paper explains why standard methods should not be applied and discusses some recently proposed viable estimation and testing approaches for cointegrating polynomial regressions. The application to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions data shows that using appropriate methods leads to strongly reduced evidence for a cointegrating EKC compared to typical but conceptually not sound findings. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T06:11:28Z","timestamp":1412057488000},"page":"948-967","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Cointegration and Nonlinearity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Statistics Technical University Dortmund, Germany; Institute for Advanced Studies  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00110-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5210.520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2005.03.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"Article 5","article-title":"The environmental Kuznets curve: exploring a fresh specification","volume":"4","author":"Bradford D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0684(05)01028-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-010-9051-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466609990065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"The interaction of population growth and environmental quality","volume":"84","author":"Cropper M","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(03)00008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465302320259538"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(94)01449-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"HongSH WagnerM.2012.Cointegrating polynomial regressions: fully modified OLS estimation and inferenceSubmitted."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466602186087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.2000.0118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466608080560"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic growth and income inequality","volume":"45","author":"Kuznets S","year":"1955","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeem.1993.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol25-No4-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11:6<601::AID-JAE417>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815916"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8489.00216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/75.2.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2007.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600004217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465398557294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600008240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2527228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2013.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"WagnerM.2013Residual based cointegration and non\u2010cointegration tests for cointegrating polynomial regressions. Submitted."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"YandleB BjattaraiM VijayaraghavanM.2004.Environmental Kuznets curves: a review of findings methods and policy implications Research study 02.1 update PERC.IWMI Research Report H044740 International Water Management Institute Colombo in Sri Lanka."}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Econometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjae.2421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jae.2421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T16:50:23Z","timestamp":1696351823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jae.2421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jae.2421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.2421","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-7252","1099-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-7252","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]}}}