{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T12:18:07Z","timestamp":1759580287665},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heng Chen"},{"name":"Geoff Dunbar"},{"name":"Yoon-Jin Lee"},{"name":"Bank of Canada EDITH High Performance cluster"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acemoglu <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>American Economic Review<\/jats:italic> 2008; <jats:bold>98<\/jats:bold>: 808\u2013842) find no effect of income on democracy when controlling for fixed effects in a dynamic panel model. Work by Moral\u2010Benito and Bartolucci (<jats:italic>Economics Letters<\/jats:italic> 2012; <jats:bold>117<\/jats:bold>: 844\u2013847) and Cervellati <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>American Economic Review<\/jats:italic> 2014; <jats:bold>104<\/jats:bold>: 707\u2013719) suggests that the original model might have been misspecified and proposes alternative specifications instead. We formally test these parametric specifications by implementing Lee's (<jats:italic>Journal of Econometrics<\/jats:italic> 2014; <jats:bold>178<\/jats:bold>: 146\u2013166) dynamic panel test of linear parametric specifications against a general class of nonlinear alternatives robustly and reject all these specifications. However, using a more flexible model proposed by Cai and Li (<jats:italic>Econometric Theory<\/jats:italic> 2008; <jats:bold>24<\/jats:bold>: 1321\u20131342) we find that the relationship between income and democracy appears to be mediated by education, but results are not statistically significant. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T02:47:16Z","timestamp":1467341236000},"page":"719-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Income and Democracy: A Smooth Varying Coefficient Redux"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Emory University  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim P.","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bank of Canada  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Jacho\u2010Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Emory University  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466608080523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.2.707"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466610000630"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"HounkannounonBGB.2011.Bootstrap for panel data models with an application to the evaluation of public policies. PhD thesis Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-423X.2008.00243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466614000188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2013.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2012.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-013-9100-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2013.04.020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Econometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjae.2536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjae.2536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jae.2536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T13:54:04Z","timestamp":1696514044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jae.2536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jae.2536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.2536","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-7252","1099-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-7252","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]}}}