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One is a better understanding of the identified parameters: standard estimators identify a <jats:italic>local<\/jats:italic> effect (LATE), which in general cannot be generalized to the entire population, as instead is almost always done. The other is the partial identification of the <jats:italic>population<\/jats:italic> average treatment effect, with an instrumental variable. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first paper in this literature that employs bounds. The technique is applied to male workers in Italy. For compliers, LATE estimates a wage advantage from working in the public sector greater than 30%. This return is within the narrowest bounds on the population average treatment effect that are consistent even with a much smaller gap (about 15% or more).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T10:16:42Z","timestamp":1512987402000},"page":"435-456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification issues in the public\/private wage gap, with an application to Italy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Domenico","family":"Depalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics and Statistics Department Banca d'Italia  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-0133.2003.00195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4j72"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Annual Report","author":"Banca d'Italia.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Annual Report","author":"Banca d'Italia.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Bardasi E.(1996).Differenziali salariali tra i settori pubblico e privato: Un'analisi microeconometrica. 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