{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:16:30Z","timestamp":1780730190817,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A substantial and rapidly growing literature has developed around estimating earnings gains from 2\u2010year college degrees using administrative data. These papers almost universally employ a person\u2010level fixed\u2010effects strategy to estimate earnings premia net of fixed attributes. We note that the seminal piece on which these papers build\u2014Jacobson, Lalonde, &amp; Sullivan, <jats:italic>Journal of Econometrics<\/jats:italic>, 2005, <jats:italic>125<\/jats:italic>(1\u20132), 271\u2013304\u2014provides theoretical and empirical evidence for the importance of additionally differencing out individual time trends. The subsequent literature has not followed suit. Through replication we ask whether this matters. We show that it does, and further that these person\u2010level time trends need not be computationally burdensome in large administrative data. We recommend them as a unifying econometric standard for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T10:44:55Z","timestamp":1537785895000},"page":"1098-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["How important are fixed effects and time trends in estimating returns to schooling? Evidence from a replication of Jacobson, Lalonde, and Sullivan, 2005"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Dynarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kreisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Georgia State University  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Bahr P. R. Dynarski S. Jacob B. Kreisman D. Sosa A. &Wiederspan M.(2015).Labor market returns to community college awards: Evidence from michigan. (Technical Report CAPSEE Working Paper).New York NY: Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Belfield C. R. &Bailey T.(2017).The labor market returns to sub\u2010baccalaureate college: A review. (Technical Report CAPSEE Working Paper).New York NY: Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Bettinger E. &Soliz A.(2016).Returns to vocational credentials: Evidence from Ohio's community and technical colleges. (Technical Report CAPSEE Working Paper).New York NY: Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Correia S.(2016).Linear models with high\u2010dimensional fixed effects: An efficient and feasible estimator. (Working paper). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/scorreia.com\/research\/hdfe.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373714553814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Dynarski S. Jacob B. &Kreisman D.(2016).The fixed\u2010effects model in returns to schooling and its application to community colleges: A methodological note. 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(College Board Research Brief).New York NY: College Board."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittag N.(2016).A simple method to estimate large fixed effects models applied to wage determinants and matching. (IZA Working Paper No.10447).Bonn Germany: Institute of Labor Economics.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2895295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens A. H. Kurlander M. &Groz M.(2015).Career technical education and labor market outcomes: Evidence from california community colleges. 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