{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:58:58Z","timestamp":1785376738683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motivated by the long\u2010standing interest of economists in understanding the nexus between firm productivity and export behavior, this paper develops a novel structural framework for control\u2010function\u2010based nonparametric identification of the gross production function and latent firm productivity in the presence of endogenous export opportunities that is robust to recent unidentification critiques of proxy estimators. We provide a workable identification strategy, whereby the firm's degree of export orientation provides the needed (excluded) relevant independent exogenous variation in endogenous freely varying inputs, thus allowing us to identify the production function. We estimate our fully nonparametric instrumental variable model using the Landweber\u2013Fridman regularization with the unknown functions approximated via artificial neural network sieves with a sigmoid activation function, which are known for their superior performance relative to other popular sieve approximators, including the polynomial series favored in the literature. Using our methodology, we obtain robust productivity estimates for manufacturing firms from 28 industries in China during the 1999\u20132006 period to take a close look at China's exporter productivity puzzle, whereby exporters are found to exhibit lower productivity levels than nonexports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T02:40:26Z","timestamp":1583116826000},"page":"457-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Estimation of firm\u2010level productivity in the presence of exports: Evidence from China's manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Emir","family":"Malikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics University of Nevada\u00a0Las Vegas  Las Vegas Nevada United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Oakland University  Rochester Michigan United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subal C.","family":"Kumbhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics State University of New York at Binghamton  Binghamton New York United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(07)06063-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Ackerberg D. A. &Hahn J.(2015).Some nonparametric identification results using timing and information set assumptions (Working paper).Los Angeles CA: University of California Los Angeles."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3878(94)00062-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5982.t01-2-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803769206296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grh020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2012.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Aggregate employment dynamics: Building from microeconomic evidence","volume":"87","author":"Caballero R. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(07)06077-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Centorrino S.(2016).Data\u2010driven selection of the regularized parameter in additive nonparametric instrumental regressions.Stony Brook NY: Stony Brook University."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jem-2015-0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Centorrino S. F\u00e8ve F. &Florens J. P.(2019).Nonparametric instrumental regressions with (potentially discrete) instruments independent of the error term.Stony Brook NY: Stony Brook University."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Chen X. Hahn J. Liao Z. &Ridder G.(2015).Asymptotic properties of nonparametric two\u2010step sieve estimates.Los Angeles CA: University of California Los Angeles."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper R. &Willis J.(2003).The cost of labor adjustment: Inference from the gap. (NBER Working Paper 10006).Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w10006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Smoothing noisy data with spline functions","volume":"13","author":"Craven P.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Numerische Mathematik"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.5.3.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(01)00154-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10485252.2018.1428745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","unstructured":"Gandhi A. Navarro S. &Rivers D.(2013).On the identification of gross output production functions: How heterogeneous is productivity?(Working Paper No.\u00a020119).London ON Canada: University of Western Ontario Centre for Human Capital and Productivity."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707736"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420011210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(94)90038-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CCOL0521633230.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466618000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/009053605000000714"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Hashiguchi Y.(2015).Allocation efficiency in China: An extension of the dynamic Olley\u2013Pakes productivity decomposition. (Discussion Paper No.\u00a0544).Corby Glen UK: Institute of Developing Economies."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA8662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2012.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-349-95121-5_2714-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07474939408800273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07474939408800278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"Lu D.(2010).Exceptional exporter performance? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms.Chicago IL: University of Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J. Lu Y. &Tao Z.(2010).Exporting behavior of foreign affiliates: Theory and evidence.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1495664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1905432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"Matzkin R. L.(2004).Unobservable instruments.Los Angeles CA: University of California Los Angeles."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melitz M. J.(2003).The impact of trade on intra\u2010industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity.","DOI":"10.3386\/w8881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(98)00114-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0795-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2004.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2007.00872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"China's growing role in world trade","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12127"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Econometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjae.2757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jae.2757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jae.2757","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jae.2757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:26:20Z","timestamp":1785374780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jae.2757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jae.2757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.2757","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-7252","1099-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-7252","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}