{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:52:59Z","timestamp":1791219179822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001652","name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Employment interruptions of mothers are still one of the main causes for different labour market outcomes between women and men. Employment subsidies can incentivise mothers to shorten employment interruptions after childbirth. We examine a German parental leave reform incentivising an early return to part\u2010time work. Exploiting the exogenous variation defined by the child's birthday, we apply unconditional difference\u2010in\u2010differences (DiD) estimation using administrative data. Machine learning augmented DiD estimation shows that our findings are robust to the inclusion of a large dictionary of potential covariates. Additionally, we estimate conditional effects in the DiD setting. Our results show that being eligible to the new regime yields positive average employment effects that are mainly driven by part\u2010time employment. In particular, the increased attractiveness of part\u2010time work does not cannibalise full\u2010time employment. The policy creates heterogeneous incentives depending on the opportunity costs of working part time: especially mothers with middle income and prior part\u2010time workers respond to the reform. Besides, diverging results for East and West Germany hint at the potential of a change in social norms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T09:30:26Z","timestamp":1720085426000},"page":"1149-1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Part\u2010time subsidies and maternal reemployment: Evidence from a difference\u2010in\u2010differences analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Franziska","family":"Zimmert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope  Ettenhausen Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Nuremberg  Nuremberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zimmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Bank  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"University of St. Gallen  St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2014.975555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-5371(03)00037-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3150\/11-BEJ410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504850903425173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-021-00878-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utaa001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-015-0562-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2019.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2020.1811102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2015.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA16901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Elterngeld, elterngeldplus und elternzeit. das bundeselterngeld\u2010 und elternzeitgesetz","author":"Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"\u00d6ffentliche Sozialleistungen. Statistik zum Elterngeld. Leistungsbez\u00fcge. 4. Vierteljahr 2014","author":"Federal Statistical Office","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"\u00d6ffentliche Sozialleistungen. Statistik zum Elterngeld. Beendete Leistungsbez\u00fcge f\u00fcr im 3. Vierteljahr 2015 Geborene Kinder","author":"Federal Statistical Office","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3790\/schm.126.3.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbnst-2012-0205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2971733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluve J. &Schmitz S.(2014).Social norms and mothers' labor market attachment.Ruhr Economic Papers 481.Ruhr\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bochum (RUB) Department of Economics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2471521","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2471521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793917710933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-012-0404-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"Gesundheitsmonitor 2012","author":"Kolip P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/0800000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07474938.2017.1318509"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"M\u00fcller D. &Strauch K.(2017).Identifying mothers in administrative data. (FDZ\u2010Methodenreport 13\/2017). Research Data Centre (FDZ) of the German Federal Employment Agency (BA) at the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Nuremberg.http:\/\/doku.iab.de\/fdz\/reporte\/2017\/MR_13\u201017_EN.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1660173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth","author":"March of Dimes","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/703115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA19402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nberg U.(2008).Does the IABS reliably identify maternity leave taking?(FDZ\u2010Methodenreport 03\/2008). Research Data Centre (FDZ) of the German Federal Employment Agency (BA) at the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Nuremberg."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utaa027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2019.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1319839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","unstructured":"Wager S. &Walther G.(2016).Adaptive concentration of regression trees with application to random forests."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6688(199921)18:2<281::AID-PAM5>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"The impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act","volume":"18","author":"Waldfogel J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: The Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"Zimmert M.(2020).Efficient difference\u2010in\u2010differences estimation with high\u2010dimensional common trend confounding."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12651\u2010023\u201000344\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"Zimmert M. &Lechner M.(2019).Nonparametric estimation of causal heterogeneity under high\u2010dimensional confounding."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcx068"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Econometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jae.3072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T09:51:15Z","timestamp":1736157075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jae.3072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jae.3072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.3072","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-7252","1099-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-7252","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}