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We establish that real GDP belongs to the trend\u2010stationary process class of time\u2010series in each case rather than the difference\u2010stationary process and using Kalman filter techniques, analyse trends in a model incorporating time\u2010varying parameters without specifying breakpoints in advance. We find, contrary to the literature, that neither country experienced a climacteric. Our results suggest that economic historians have been prone to exaggerated views of variations in trend economic growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950040202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,12]],"date-time":"2007-07-12T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1184251838000},"page":"103-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The climacteric in late victorian Britain and France: A reappraisal of the evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"N. F. 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