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A translog production cost model is estimated for these pharmacies, using 1981\u20139 times\u2010series data consisting of seven cross\u2010sectional bed size classes per year. Zellner's joint GLS estimation of three\u2010factor cost share equations and the parent translog cost function reveals that pairwise factor substitutions are severely limited; production is non\u2010homothetic, occurring in the range of scale diseconomies; biased and pure technical change effects dominate the scale\u2010augmenting component. Implications of findings are rationalized in the context of the emerging biopharmaceutical technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950080304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,12]],"date-time":"2007-07-12T16:53:15Z","timestamp":1184259195000},"page":"277-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Production cost structure of us hospital pharmacies: Time\u2010series, cross\u2010sectional bed size evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"A. A.","family":"Okunade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(86)90338-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Mathematical Analysis for Economists","author":"Allen R. G. 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