{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:47:05Z","timestamp":1791298025428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,7]],"date-time":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4238,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes and tests new definitions of convergence and common trends for per capita output. We define convergence for a group of countries to mean that each country has identical long\u2010run trends, either stochastic or deterministic, while common trends allow for proportionality of the stochastic elements. These definitions lead naturally to the use of cointegration techniques in testing. Using century\u2010long time series for 15 OECD economies, we reject convergence but find substantial evidence for common trends. Smaller samples of European countries also reject convergence but are driven by a lower number of common stochastic trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950100202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,12]],"date-time":"2007-07-12T17:53:58Z","timestamp":1184262838000},"page":"97-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":704,"title":["Convergence in international output"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven N.","family":"Durlauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937943"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long\u2010run data show","volume":"76","author":"Baumol W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bernard A.(1991) \u2018Empirical implications of the convergence hypothesis\u2019 Working Paper Center for Economic Policy Research Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard A.andS.Durlauf(1995) \u2018Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis\u2019 Journal of Econometrics forthcoming.","DOI":"10.3386\/t0159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3932(89)90054-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: comment","volume":"78","author":"DeLong J. 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