{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:02:12Z","timestamp":1791990132355,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,22]],"date-time":"2001-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":993168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Econometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This paper develops a new approach to the problem of testing the existence of a level relationship between a dependent variable and a set of regressors, when it is not known with certainty whether the underlying regressors are trend\u2010 or first\u2010difference stationary. The proposed tests are based on standard\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010 and\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010statistics used to test the significance of the lagged levels of the variables in a univariate equilibrium correction mechanism. The asymptotic distributions of these statistics are non\u2010standard under the null hypothesis that there exists no level relationship, irrespective of whether the regressors are\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0) or\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1). Two sets of asymptotic critical values are provided: one when all regressors are purely\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1) and the other if they are all purely\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0). These two sets of critical values provide a band covering all possible classifications of the regressors into purely\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0), purely\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1) or mutually cointegrated. Accordingly, various bounds testing procedures are proposed. It is shown that the proposed tests are consistent, and their asymptotic distribution under the null and suitably defined local alternatives are derived. The empirical relevance of the bounds procedures is demonstrated by a re\u2010examination of the earnings equation included in the UK Treasury macroeconometric model. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,10]],"date-time":"2002-09-10T21:23:48Z","timestamp":1031693028000},"page":"289-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14256,"title":["Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"M. 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