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Under a new definition of the MTE based on reduced\u2010form treatment error that is statistically independent of the covariates, we find that the relationship between the MTE and standard treatment parameters holds in the absence of IVs. We provide a set of sufficient conditions ensuring the identification of the defined MTE in an environment of essential heterogeneity. The key conditions include a linear restriction on potential outcome regression functions, a nonlinear restriction on the propensity score, and a conditional mean independence restriction which will lead to additive separability. We prove this identification using the notion of semiparametric identification based on functional forms. And we provide an empirical application for the Head Start program to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method in analyzing heterogenous causal effects when IVs are elusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:40:36Z","timestamp":1773038436000},"page":"465-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Marginal Treatment Effects in the Absence of Instrumental Variables"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Zhewen","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quantitative Economic Research Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Economics Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quantitative Economic Research Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Economics Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics Shanghai University of Finance &amp; Economics  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mathematical Economics (SUFE) Ministry of Education  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences (SIMIS)  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(93)90111-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2017.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20200146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/720764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"The Long\u2010Term Impact of the Head Start Program","author":"Bauer L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v114.i07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.6.2754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90038-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2005.00570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.3.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026646661200028X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/679498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226392523.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/QE328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171848"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"The Identification Problem in Econometrics","author":"Fisher F. 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