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In general, we find that collaboration has positive effects. In Germany, subsidies for individual research do neither exhibit a significant impact on R&amp;D nor on patenting, but the innovative performance could be improved by additional incentives for collaboration. For Finnish companies, public funding is an important source of finance for R&amp;D. Without subsidies, recipients would show less R&amp;D and patenting activity, whilst those firms not receiving subsidies would perform significantly better if they were publicly funded. Copyright \u00a9 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]],"date-time":"2007-12-21T08:18:13Z","timestamp":1198225093000},"page":"1347-1366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["The relationship between R&amp;D collaboration, subsidies and R&amp;D performance: Empirical evidence from Finland and Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Czarnitzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Ebersberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/073500103288618918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2998558"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Cooperative and Nocooperative R&D in Duopoly with Spillovers","volume":"78","author":"d'Aspremont C","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs","author":"Baumol W","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S0770451800083391","article-title":"R&D rivalry versus R&D cooperation under uncertainties","volume":"54","author":"Beath J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Recherches Economiques de Louvain"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10438590000000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2233763"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do innovation subsidies crowd out private investment? 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