{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:16:50Z","timestamp":1770967010488,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Break\u2010Free CLP<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> is a commercial cleaning, lubricating and preserving compound used in both the military and civilian sectors for maintenance of small\u2010 and large\u2010caliber weapons. Like many commercial mixtures, there is very little information available on the toxicity of Break\u2010Free CLP. Studies were conducted to characterize the biological effects of single or repeat dermal application of Break\u2010Free CLP to the clipped backs of CD\u20101 mice. Break\u2010Free CLP was applied neat, 50 \u00b5l three times of week for up to 2 weeks. Foci of epithelial ulceration were observed in skin sections from 22% of Break\u2010Free CLP\u2010treated animals in conjunction with markedly thickened epithelium suggesting that robust epithelial regeneration was occurring in these animals. Skin histopathology of Break\u2010Free CLP\u2010treated animals closely matched the histopathology from mice treated repeatedly with 2% croton oil in acetone (dermal irritation positive control). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) lower for mice treated with Break\u2010Free CLP, 2% croton oil or 7,12\u2010dimethylbenz[<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>]anthracene (DMBA) compared with negative and vehicle control mice. Skin nitric oxide (NO) levels were not significantly elevated for mice treated with Break\u2010Free CLP but were significantly elevated for mice treated with dermal irritation positive control compound DMBA. The cumulative skin changes in Break\u2010Free CLP\u2010treated animals support conducting a subchronic dermal application study. The observed decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity suggest that future studies should include the liver and bone as possible target organs. Additionally, dermal penetration studies could provide key health risk assessment information for characterizing the potential health risks associated with chronic dermal exposure to Break\u2010Free CLP. Published in 2005 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1121420957000},"page":"318-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Acute and subacute dermal toxicity of Break\u2010Free CLP<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>: a weapons cleaning and maintenance compound"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"D. P.","family":"Arfsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. W.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Thitoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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