{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:39:50Z","timestamp":1790379590099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]],"date-time":"2007-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Directed\u2010flow nose\u2010only exposure systems are designed and operated so that the genuine test atmosphere is dynamically delivered to each exposure port and exhaled air from exposed animals is immediately exhausted without the possibility of other animals rebreathing this atmosphere. This technique is particularly useful for preventing uncontrolled changes of exposure atmospheres, stimulating breathing activity due to the rebreathing of exhaled carbon dioxide, and the conserving a test material that is available only in limited quantities. The intricate relationship of the delivered flow of air at each exposure port relative to the respiratory minute volume of the exposed animal appears to be critical for the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art performance of directed\u2010flow nose\u2010only exposure systems. This analysis revealed that the determination of carbon dioxide concentrations at different inhalation chamber locations, including exposure ports, is a simple and cost\u2010effective procedure to evaluate whether the rebreathing of atmospheres can be excluded. It has been shown that directed\u2010flow systems need to be operated at an exposure air flow rate greater than 2.5 times the respiratory minute volume of the exposed animal or optimally \u223c0.75 l min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> per rat exposure port (\u223c3.75 times the minute volume of young adult rats) to prevent higher CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010concentrations occurring. Copyright \u00a9 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T18:00:22Z","timestamp":1170439222000},"page":"160-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A simple approach to validation of directed\u2010flow nose\u2010only inhalation chambers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Pauluhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10915819009078752"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1263(200007\/08)20:4<273::AID-JAT657>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14404-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Handbook of Aerosols","author":"Dennis R","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623391019004-106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420037906.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"no. 1","article-title":"Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions","volume":"81","author":"Greenspan L","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Res. National Bureau of Standards"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1995-0599.ch020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(87)90165-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550060106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500282555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"OECD.1981.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)\u2010Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 403. Acute Inhalation Toxicity adopted May 12 (1981).http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/document\/55\/0 2340 en_2649_34377_ 2349687_1_1_1_1 00.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications \u2014 Series on Testing and Assessment No. 39","author":"OECD","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"OPPTS 870.1300.1998.US\u2010EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines 870.1300 \u2014 Acute Inhalation Toxicity. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Prevention Pesticides and Toxic Substances EPA 712C\u201098\u2010193 August 1998.http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/opptsfrs\/publications\/OPPTS_Harmonized\/870_Health_Effects_Test_Guidelines\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550140111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"893","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals","author":"Pauluhn J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2005.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(99)80092-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Inhalation Studies: Foundations and Techniques","author":"Phalen RF","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Aerosol Measurement. Principles, Techniques, and Applications","author":"Willeke K","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958379009145248"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjat.1188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.1188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:56:34Z","timestamp":1760554594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.1188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.1188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.1188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]]}}}