{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:42:20Z","timestamp":1791297740250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acute toxicity of 21 parabens and their chlorinated derivatives was investigated by means of two toxicity bioassays: <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic> immobilization test and the inhibition of bioluminescence of <jats:italic>Vibrio fischeri<\/jats:italic>. The median effective concentration (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of the tested parabens ranged from 2.2 to 62\u00a0mg\u00a0l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in the <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic> test and from 0.0038 to 5.9\u00a0mg\u00a0l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in the <jats:italic>V. fischeri<\/jats:italic> test at 15\u00a0min after exposure. The toxicity of dichlorinated methyl\u2010 and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2010propylparaben, the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics, toward <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic> was 3.9\u2010 and 2.8\u2010fold that of their corresponding parent compounds. Toxicity toward <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic> showed a linear relationship with log <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>, indicating that toxicity increases with increasing hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the correlations of toxicity toward <jats:italic>V. fischeri<\/jats:italic> with hydrophobicity and with the degree of chlorination were poor. In addition, the results of the present study indicated that the <jats:italic>V. fischeri<\/jats:italic> test was more sensitive than the <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic> test for the determination of the acute toxicity of parabens. A complete assessment of the ecological and toxicological risks of parabens may require the examination of chlorinated parabens as well as the parent pollutants, as described in the present study. 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