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The present study was designed to use zebrafish as a model to investigate the potential toxicity of dextromethorphan during embryonic and larval development. Three sets of zebrafish embryos\/larvae were exposed to dextromethorphan at 24, 48 and 72\u2009h post fertilization (hpf), respectively, during the embryonic\/larval development. Compared with the 48 and 72\u2009hpf exposure sets, the embryos\/larvae in the 24\u2009hpf exposure set showed much higher mortality rates which increased in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Bradycardia and reduced blood flow were observed for the embryos\/larvae treated with increasing concentrations of dextromethorphan. Morphological effects of dextromethorphan exposure, including yolk sac and cardiac edema, craniofacial malformation, lordosis, non\u2010inflated swim bladder and missing gill, were also more frequent and severe among zebrafish embryos\/larvae exposed to dextromethorphan at 24\u2009hpf. Whether the more frequent and severe developmental toxicity of dextromethorphan observed among the embryos\/larvae in the 24\u2009hpf exposure set, as compared with the 48 and 72\u2009hpf exposure sets, is due to the developmental expression of the phase I and phase II enzymes involved in the metabolism of dextromethorphan remains to be clarified. A reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction analysis, nevertheless, revealed developmental stage\u2010dependent expression of mRNAs encoding SULT3 ST1 and SULT3 ST3, two enzymes previously shown to be capable of sulfating dextrorphan, an active metabolite of dextromethorphan. Copyright \u00a9 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,29]],"date-time":"2010-08-29T13:22:28Z","timestamp":1283088148000},"page":"157-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Developmental toxicity of dextromethorphan in zebrafish embryos\/larvae"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Cheh","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.918"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.2.8299591","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase in the developing human fetus: quantitative biochemical and immunological characterization of the hepatic, renal, and adrenal enzymes","volume":"134","author":"Barker EV","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199207030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.7.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infant deaths associated with cough and cold medications \u2013 two states. 2005","volume":"56","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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