{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:44:25Z","timestamp":1792071865370,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,11]],"date-time":"2010-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1284163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used an updated hybrid approach to estimate the benchmark doses and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDL) for cadmium\u2010induced renal effects in humans. Participants were 828 inhabitants (410 men, 418 women), aged 40\u201359 years who lived in three areas without any known environmental cadmium pollution. We measured urinary cadmium (U\u2010Cd) as a marker of exposure, and urinary protein, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2\u2010microglobulin (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2\u2010MG) and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyl\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010D\u2010glucosaminidase (NAG) as markers of renal effects. For urinary protein, the BMDL ranged from 0.9 to 1.1\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009creatinine (cre) and approximately 1.6\u2009\u00b5g per 24\u2009h in men, and from 1.9 to 3.4\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009cre and 2.0\u2009\u00b5g per 24\u2009h in women. For the renal tubular markers <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2\u2010MG and NAG, the BMDL for U\u2010Cd ranged from 0.6 to 1.2\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009cre and from 0.8 to 1.7\u2009\u00b5g per 24\u2009h in men, and from 0.6 to 2.3\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009cre and from 0.6 to 2.1\u2009\u00b5g per 24\u2009h in women. The lowest BMDL for urinary cadmium (0.6\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> cre) was somewhat lower than average urinary cadmium in Japanese older population. These results suggest the importance of measures to decrease cadmium exposure in the general population of Japan. 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