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To investigate the susceptible window to toluene exposure during development and the effects of fetal and neonatal toluene exposure on the neuroimmune markers, gestational day (GD) 14 pregnant mice, postnatal day (PND) 2 and PND 8 male offspring were exposed to filtered air (control; 0\u2009ppm), or 5 or 50\u2009ppm toluene for 6\u2009h per day for five consecutive days. The neuroimmune markers in the hippocampus of PND 21 were examined using a real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Mice exposed to 50\u2009ppm toluene on PND 2\u20136 showed significantly increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> mRNAs. In contrast, NGF and brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and proinflammatory cytokines TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, CCL3, NF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B, toll\u2010like receptor (TLR)\u20104, astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and microglia marker ionized calcium binding adapter molecule (Iba)\u20101 mRNAs were increased significantly in mice exposed to 5\u2009ppm toluene on PND 8\u201312. These results indicate that low\u2010level toluene exposure during the late postnatal period (PND 8\u201312) might induce neuroinflammatory mediators via TLR4\u2010dependent NF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B pathway in the hippocampus of PND 21 male mice. Among the three developmental phases, PND 8\u201312 seems to be most sensitive to toluene exposure. This is the first study to show developmental phase\u2010 and dose\u2010specific changes in neuroimmune markers in infant mice following toluene exposure. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,6]],"date-time":"2011-03-06T17:58:31Z","timestamp":1299434311000},"page":"126-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Differential <scp>mRNA<\/scp> expression of neuroimmune markers in the hippocampus of infant mice following toluene exposure during brain developmental period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"family":"Tin\u2010Tin Win\u2010Shwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies  16\u20102 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305\u20108506 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kunugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health  2\u20103\u20106 Minami Wako\u2010shi, Saitama 351\u20100197 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan  1\u20101 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi\u2010ku Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807\u20108555 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies  16\u20102 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305\u20108506 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University  255 Shimo\u2010Okubo, Sakura\u2010ku Saitama City, Saitama 338\u20108570 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Fujimaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies  16\u20102 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305\u20108506 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.1993.4.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409009542"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00757-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.2006.Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices Guide. 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