{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:29:40Z","timestamp":1792603780510,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,14]],"date-time":"2011-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid element that is present in air, water and soil. Inorganic arsenic tends to be more toxic than organic arsenic. Examples of methylated organic arsenicals include monomethylarsonic acid [MMA(V)] and dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)\u2010mediated oxidative damage is a common denominator in arsenic pathogenesis. In addition, arsenic induces morphological changes in the integrity of mitochondria. Cascade mechanisms of free radical formation derived from the superoxide radical, combined with glutathione\u2010depleting agents, increase the sensitivity of cells to arsenic toxicity. When both humans and animals are exposed to arsenic, they experience an increased formation of ROS\/RNS, including peroxyl radicals (ROO\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), the superoxide radical, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical (OH\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) via the Fenton reaction, hydrogen peroxide, the dimethylarsenic radical, the dimethylarsenic peroxyl radical and\/or oxidant\u2010induced DNA damage. Arsenic induces the formation of oxidized lipids which in turn generate several bioactive molecules (ROS, peroxides and isoprostanes), of which aldehydes [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4\u2010hydroxy\u2010nonenal (HNE)] are the major end products. This review discusses aspects of chronic and acute exposures of arsenic in the etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease (hypertension and atherosclerosis), neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver disease and renal disease, reproductive health effects, dermal changes and other health disorders. The role of antioxidant defence systems against arsenic toxicity is also discussed. Consideration is given to the role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tocopherol), curcumin, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in their protective roles against arsenic\u2010induced oxidative stress. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T03:30:19Z","timestamp":1297999819000},"page":"95-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1293,"title":["Arsenic: toxicity, oxidative stress and human disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Jomova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Constantine The Philosopher University  SK\u2010949 74 Nitra Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Jenisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Constantine The Philosopher University  SK\u2010949 74 Nitra Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Feszterova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Constantine The Philosopher University  SK\u2010949 74 Nitra Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Baros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Constantine The Philosopher University  SK\u2010949 74 Nitra Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Liska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Histology and Embryology Medical Faculty of Comenius University  SK\u2010811 08 Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hudecova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak Technical University  SK\u2010812 37 Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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