{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:47:51Z","timestamp":1791114471098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]],"date-time":"2011-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano\u2010HAP) have been reported to cause inflammatory reactions. Here, we aimed to compare the effects of four types of nano\u2010HAP with different nanocrystal morphologies (short rod\u2010like, long rod\u2010like, spherical or needle\u2010shaped crystals) and sizes (10\u201320, 10\u201330 or 20\u201340\u2009nm) on growth inhibition and apoptosis in primary cultured rat osteoblasts. The osteoblasts was treated with the four types of nano\u2010HAP at various concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 or 100\u2009mg\u2009l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The nano\u2010HAP specific surface area was detected using the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller method. The cell growth rate was detected using the 3\u2010(4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102,5\u2010diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; apoptotic alterations and the level of reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts were measured using flow cytometry; and the amounts of apoptotic p53 and cytochrome c proteins were measured using western blotting. We observed that all four types of nano\u2010HAP inhibited the growth of osteoblasts in a dose\u2010dependent manner. These nano\u2010HAP significantly induced apoptosis in osteoblasts. Nano\u2010HAP with smaller specific surface areas induced lower apoptosis rates. The needle\u2010shaped and the short rod\u2010like particles induced greater cellular injury than the spherical and long rod\u2010like particles, respectively. The increased apoptosis rates were accompanied by increased p53 and cytochrome c expression. These findings indicate that nano\u2010HAP inhibit the activity of osteoblasts and also induce the apoptosis of osteoblasts <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. These findings also suggest that the nano\u2010HAP\u2010induced apoptotic pathway is mediated by a mitochondrial\u2010dependent pathway. Moreover, the sizes, morphologies and concentrations of nano\u2010HAP have significant effects on the apoptotic level. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]],"date-time":"2011-12-08T15:47:27Z","timestamp":1323359247000},"page":"429-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Effects of four types of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with different nanocrystal morphologies and sizes on apoptosis in rat osteoblasts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Zhengli","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Biomaterials Research &amp; Testing Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education East China University of Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education East China University of Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Biomaterials Research &amp; Testing Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-008-9452-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.330-332.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSM.0000021117.67205.cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800179f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.50.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp7001285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i9.1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.024802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2.4.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041430304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-005-6444-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v011a06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Synthesis of nanometer hydroxyapatite by sol\u2013gel method","volume":"2","author":"Yuan Y","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Acad. 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