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This evidence is evaluated and the argument presented that the <jats:italic>tumorigenic risk<\/jats:italic> from prolactin is therefore not species\u2010specific to rodents but directly applies to humans. Further, as the mechanisms of prolactin\u2010induced mammary tumor promotion and development appear analogous between rodents and humans, mammary tumorigenic findings in rodent carcinogenicity bioassays are both predictive and biologically relevant to the human response. Toxicologists and regulators need to consider this in carcinogenicity risk assessments. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T08:37:34Z","timestamp":1321519054000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["<i>Hypothesis<\/i> Prolactin is tumorigenic to human breast: dispelling the myth that prolactin\u2010induced mammary tumors are rodent\u2010specific"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Philip W.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Covance Laboratories  Otley Road Harrogate North Yorkshire HG3 1PY UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070597"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019262390908371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00603-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ejso.2000.0943"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.1.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-2003-18108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-008-9074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Prolactin and human cancer of the breast. 1. 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