{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T23:00:43Z","timestamp":1785711643181,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8321,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The chlorination of surface waters is known to form trihalomethanes. Therefore, chlorine dioxide (ClO2<\/jats:sub>) is being considered as an alternative disinfectant. This study was designed to determine the effect of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites, chlorite (ClO) and chlorate (ClO), on rat fetuses exposed in utero<\/jats:italic>. Female rats were administered ClO2<\/jats:sub> at 0, 1, 10 and 100 mg 1\u22121<\/jats:sup> and ClO or ClO at 1 and 10 mg 1\u22121<\/jats:sup> daily in the drinking water for 2 1\/2 months prior to and throughout gestation. Rats were killed on day 20 and fetuses examined for external, skeletal and visceral malformations. Slight decreases in weight gain during pregnancy were seen in the ClO2<\/jats:sub> administered groups. A significant dose\u2010response relationship in the decreases of the numbers of implants and live fetuses were observed in the ClO2<\/jats:sub> groups. Although there were increased incidences of resorptions in the ClO and ClO groups, no statistically significant increase was found in the groups. Fetal weight was significantly increased in the 100 mg 1\u22121<\/jats:sup> ClO2<\/jats:sub> group. Also, fetal length was increased in the 10 mg 1\u22121<\/jats:sup> ClO and ClO treatment groups. Skeletal defects, such as incompletely ossified or missing sternebrae, rudimentary ribs and incompletely ossified skull bones were increased in all treatment groups, but none were significantly different from the control group. A few cases of hypoplastic kidney, hydronephrosis and dextrocardia were observed in the treatment groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550030204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T13:41:54Z","timestamp":1160833314000},"page":"75-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites in drinking water on fetal development in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Duck H.","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Abdel\u2010Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"234","article-title":"Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters","volume":"23","author":"Rook J. J.","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Water Treat. Exam."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1974.tb02129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Induction of hepatomas in mice by repeated oral administration of chloroform with observations on sex differences","volume":"5","author":"Eschenbrenner A.","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(71)90301-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.67.8.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.935854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"The health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water: A literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Calabrese E. J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Environ. 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Water Supply Research Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati Ohio (1977)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"Chlorine dioxide metabolism in rat","volume":"3","author":"Abdel\u2010Rahman M. S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"Toxicological aspect of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol","volume":"8","author":"Musil J.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sb. Vys. Sk. Chem. Technol. Prague"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)09949-5","article-title":"Toxic potentialities of continued administration of chlorate on blood and tissues","volume":"59","author":"Richardson A. P.","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. 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