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Embryos were exposed to phenobarbital at doses of 1\u201325 \u03bcmol on day 4 of incubation (Hamburger\u2010Hamilton development stage 24). Doses equal to and greater than 5 \u03bcmol phenobarbital (26 mg\/kg egg) significantly increased the frequency of embroys with cardiovascular malformations compared with lesser doses and with saline. A significant reduction in heart rate and abnormal rhythm of the heart were observed in embryros treated with teratogenic doses of phenobarbital. No arrhythmia nor significant changes in heart rate were observed in embryos exposed to subteratogenic doses of phenobarbital or to saline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550060205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T14:47:26Z","timestamp":1160837246000},"page":"91-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The teratogenic effect of phenobarbital on the embryonic chick heart"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Toshio","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Harold J.","family":"Bruyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enid F.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumiko","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510030034003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92209-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"442","article-title":"Epilepsy and pregnancy: A report from the Oxford record linkage study","author":"Fredric J.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. 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