{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:57:51Z","timestamp":1773298671877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7225,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) results in contact between this material and the lining of the mouth over relatively long periods of time. As tobacco contains nicotine and a carcinogen, nitrosonornicotine (NNN) there is a likelihood of systemic absorption of both these compounds under these conditions. This study measured the penetration of nicotine and NNN across skin and various regions of oral mucosa. Specimens of porcine skin, keratinized gingiva and non\u2010keratinized floor of mouth and cheek mucosa were placed in perfusion chambers and the flux across these tissues of isotopically labeled water, nicotine and NNN was determined; permeability constants were calculated for each compound and for each region and the values compared statistically. Skin showed a lower permeability than the oral regions to all compounds and floor of mouth was generally the most permeable site. Nicotine passed across oral mucosa almost as rapidly as water, the most permeable region being floor of mouth, whereas gingiva and buccal mucosa showed a similar, but lower, permeability. The non\u2010keratinized oral carcinomas, regions with the higher permeability being sites that show the greatest tendency to develop such lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550060211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T14:47:26Z","timestamp":1160837246000},"page":"123-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Penetration of nicotine and nitrosonornicotine across porcine oral mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C. A.","family":"Squier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-29-6273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2261231a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90187-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1971.tb08769.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90068-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01968551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Buccal absorption of basic drugs and its application as an in vivo model of passive drug transfer through lipid membranes","volume":"19","author":"Beckett A. H.","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 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Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12264711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(77)80007-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12525477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(73)90076-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(76)80157-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7112128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Tobacco croppers sickness","volume":"57","author":"Weizenecker R.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Fla. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92829-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Lipid content of the permeability barrier of skin and oral mucosa","volume":"64","author":"Squier C. A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Buccal absorption, of drugs","volume":"28","author":"Beckett A. H.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Handbook Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"The Structure and Function of Oral Mucosa","author":"Siegel I.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"819","article-title":"The mucous barrier and absorption through the oral mucosa","volume":"75","author":"Adams D.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"819","article-title":"Morphological effects of nicotine and ethanol on oral mucosa","volume":"63","author":"Hall B. K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"238","article-title":"A comparison of the use of smokeless tobacco in rural and urban teenagers","volume":"84","author":"Poulson T. C.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ca\u2010A Cancer. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Oral Premalignancy","author":"Mashberg A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071274","article-title":"Premalignant lesions in the mouth","volume":"31","author":"Cawson R. A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. Med. 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