{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:46:11Z","timestamp":1776401171743,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6433,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the inhalation toxicity of Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, F344 rats were exposed nose\u2010only to 0.2 \u03bcm Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> particles 2 h\/day, 5 days\/week for 4 weeks. The exposure concentration was 23 \u00b1 5 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (mean \u00b1 SD) resulting in lung burdens of 0.8 \u00b1 0.1 mg Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/lung (mean \u00b1 SE) at the end of 4 weeks of exposure. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of exposed rats showed marked responses. One day after termination of exposure, lactate dehydrogenase was increased 6\u2010fold, and the lysosomal enzyme, beta\u2010glucuronidase, was increased 38\u2010fold in rats exposed to Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> compared to sham exposed controls. Alkaline phosphatase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, white blood cells, acid proteinase, and protein were increased 3\u2010 to 4\u2010fold. Responses remained elevated 6 and 12 months after exposure. Lung clearance of radiolabeled tracer particles was evaluated 4 days and 6 months after the end of 4 weeks of Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> exposures. Long\u2010term clearance half\u2010times were significantly longer| (3\u20134 fold, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01) in rats exposed to Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> than in the sham\u2010exposed control rats at both 4 days and 6 months, indicating persistent impairment of particle clearance. Histopathological lesions consisted primarily of alveolar proteinosis 1 day after 4 weeks exposure, progressing in severity to large focal lesions of alveolar histiocytosis and septal fibrosis 6 and 12 months after exposure. Inhaled Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> produced cytotoxic, inflammatory, and fibrogenic responses of comparable or greater magnitude than those seen after similar exposures of rats to inhaled quartz particles in other studies. These data show that inhaled Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> particles produce considerable toxicity and exposures in the work place should be limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550080307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T01:12:03Z","timestamp":1160961123000},"page":"191-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Toxicity of gallium oxide particles following a 4\u2010week inhalation exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"R. K.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. F.","family":"Eidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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