{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:12:28Z","timestamp":1770963148735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4758,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lubricant base oils are petroleum products that are predominantly derived from the vacuum distillation of crude oil. Various types of refinement can be employed during the manufacturing process, and evidence suggests that certain of the associated process streams produce skin cancer. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), some of which are considered as the causative agents, are removed, concentrated or chemically converted during the refinement process. In order to understand the effects of various types of refinement processes on carcinogenic potential, 94 oils were evaluated in the mouse epidermal cancer bioassay. This Exxon database is unique, because of the wide range of crude oils and processing histories represented. Seven processing history classifications are described, and conclusions concerning the impacts of each refinement process on dermal carcinogenicity are discussed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This research also included an evaluation of selected biological and chemical test methods for predicting carcinogenic potential. These included a modified version of the Ames test for mutagenicity, as well as analytical characterizations of the polycyclic aromatic structures in the oils. For classification purposes, a sample was considered to be carcinogenic if it resulted in the production of two or more tumor\u2010bearing animals (in test groups of either 40 or 50 animals). The modified Ames test was considered to be positive if the mutagenicity index was \u2265 2.0, and PAC analyses were similarly designated as positive or negative according to proposed guidelines. All of the alternative test methods showed similar agreement with dermal carcinogenicity bioassay data; concordance values were \u2265 80%. However, each test was incorrect in ca. 10%\u201320% of the cases evaluated. Thus, while these methods may have great value as screening tests, the results should not be used in preference to dermal carcinogenicity data for hazard identification or labeling purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550130112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T03:36:59Z","timestamp":1160969819000},"page":"57-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of the dermal carcinogenicity of lubricant base oils by the mouse skin painting bioassay and other proposed methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"K. L.","family":"Chasey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Industrial Carcinogens","author":"Eckardt R. E.","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"483","article-title":"Carcinogenic potential of petroleum hydrocarbons. A critical review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Bingham E.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"87","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1983.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(83)90110-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700050304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Experimental analysis of the carcinogenic activity of certain petroleum products","volume":"4","author":"Smith W. E.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700050403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550090411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550100405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"380","article-title":"Carcinogenic potential of hydrotreated petroleum aromatic extracts","volume":"42","author":"Doak S. M. A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance","author":"McKee R. H.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(75)90046-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"149","volume-title":"The Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons","author":"MacGregor J. A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860070311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00125566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Ames tests of lubricating oil products: the mutagenic potency index","volume":"1","author":"Skisak C. M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"In Vitro Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"Estimation of dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum fractions. Proposed as a standard test method to the ASTM E\u201034.50 Subcommittee on Health and Safety of Metalworking Fluids (June1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(88)90293-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","unstructured":"CONCAWE Letter to Dr K. Krisor Commission of the European Communities DG XI\/A\/2. Letter No. 0125\/H.3.9 Brussels (1988)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668791385840"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"Petroleum Process Stream Terms Included in the Chemical Substances Inventory Under the Toxic Substances Control ACT (TSCA)","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","series-title":"DHEW Publication Number (NIH)","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1020002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Distribution Free Statistical Tests","author":"Bradley J. V.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(90)90058-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860030509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","volume-title":"Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"Food and Drugs Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Chapt. 178 Part 3620 Subpart b (1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","unstructured":"CONCAWE Factors Affecting the Skin Penetration and Carcinogenic Potency of Petroleum Products Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Report No. 90\/55. The Oil Companies' European Organization for Environmental and Health Protection Brussels Belgium (November1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons","author":"Lewis S. C.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef00027a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","unstructured":"CONCAWE Investigations into the Relationships Between the Chemical Composition of Mineral Oils and Their Ability to Cause Cancer in Mice Report No. 4\/85. The Oil Companies' European Organization for Environmental and Health Protection The Hague The Netherlands (April1985)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjat.2550130112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.2550130112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:11:27Z","timestamp":1760551887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.2550130112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.2550130112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.2550130112","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}}}